Molecular Structure and Formation:

• Bioactive version of osteocalcin
• Produced by osteoblasts during bone formation
• Lacks γ-carboxylation on glutamic acid residues
• Modified by vitamin K
• Functions as a hormone molecule
• Can circulate in bloodstream
• Interacts with various tissues

Physiological Functions and Metabolic Regulation:

• Glucose Homeostasis:
• Stimulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation
• Enhances insulin secretion
• Improves insulin sensitivity
• Energy Metabolism:
• Regulates fat mass
• Modulates energy expenditure
• Enhances mitochondrial function
• Muscle Function:
• Promotes muscle glucose uptake
• Supports muscle strength
• Regulates muscle protein synthesis

Clinical Significance and Disease Associations:

• Associated with various conditions:
• Type 2 Diabetes (lower levels increase risk)
• Obesity (reduced circulation)
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss)

Regulation and Therapeutic Potential:

• Environmental Factors:
• Exercise intensity/duration
• Dietary composition
• Vitamin K status
• Hormonal Influences:
• Insulin signaling
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Glucocorticoid levels
• Therapeutic Approaches:
• ucOC mimetics development
• Increasing endogenous production
• Combination therapies

Future Research Directions:

• Focus areas:
• Understanding signaling pathways
• Exploring treatment options
• Developing measurement methods
• Studying tissue impacts

Suitable ELISA Kits

• Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ELISA Kit
• ucOC ELISA Kit